Thursday, December 21, 2006

Using Ubuntu Linux to solve South Africa's Medical Issues

The start of the argument about Health 2.0 got me thinking. As sexy, functional and efficient as the health software trend may be - I think we all agree on the fact that it's just not applicable in the African context... yet.

So what might be applicable? SA Doctors need lab results, need to do research, need to store and retrieve patient records (on demand)... How do you get a connected, low cost, easy to use, low maintenance technology infrastructure into South Africa's hospital system? And then keep it there?



We've been using Ubuntu Linux (a proudly South African distribution of the Linux operating system - with our very own billionaire Mark Shuttleworth as the brains) around the office a bit - mainly to do tricky techy stuff, but I've been absolutely blown away with the new version (6.06 I think). It's funky, it's African, it's VERY easy to use (provided you don't mess with settings / use installed packages - which are more than ample for everyday use) and it runs on fumes.

I've personally run Ubuntu on a P3 256mb RAM - like lightning on the highveld.

So here's the challenge:

TO MARK SHUTTLEWORTH, OUR BILLIONAIRE BRUVVA...
and all the folks at UBUNTU Linux:

Well done, chaps, excellent job. How about a project? We could secure funding (Government?) for an independent, empowered, Section 21 company to create an Ubuntu network of computers linking all SA's primary, secondary and tertiary care hospitals together.

  1. It's low cost because the operating system is free.

  2. It's low cost because it runs on the kind of computers America is throwing away.

  3. It's low maintenance, because once the networking protocols, any required software and web browser have been installed - the OS can be locked down and user logins/passwords managed fairly easily.

  4. It doesn't get viruses. Including the ones spread by the nasty germs on the kettle in the tea room (whole new post, different time).

  5. It could network and interlink over a low cost dialup, sponsored by Telkom.

  6. It could encourage the open source community (multiverse, universe... I get confused) to get together and develop some simple software for storing patient records, lab results, X-Rays and making them available to the right channels at the right time.

  7. It doesn't crash!

I think I'm onto something - if I dare say so myself. South Africans are too ready to throw away local solutions when faced with more expensive, inappropriate overseas ones. A project like this, while creating jobs and uplifting infrastructure would equip and empower our medical industry to fight a battle they're not getting a lot of help with. And we'll be doing it, the South African way.

Baragwanath is 2km wide. How would you like to run a kilometre (the phones just don't get answered) and wait in a queue (only 5 terminals work currently) for those lab results as your patient lies gasping on the slab?

This is a call. Who's in? Are the folks at Ubuntu interested in pursuing a project like this? Is there anything going on at the moment?

If I'm not mistaken - movements like this ARE the spirit of Ubuntu. Leave a comment, we're really interested in your views...


Use Buzzfuse* to easily rate, review, and share this item

87 comments:

Farley said...

Awesome blog. Well for those of us with a brain anyway. Though I'm not so sure the humor wouldn't be lost on a few other less fortunate souls.

Andy Hadfield said...

A man / women (Farley = fairly non-descript ja?) after our own heart. Glad you like. Spread the word lad.

Humour is always lost on stupid people. Ah. Dear.

Unknown said...

I think this is a good project. It could be a web app run on an Ubuntu server. You could set up your own dial-up network to add security to who has access to the program and only a telephone connection would be required. If you are serous about hiring a small company to implement a program feel free to get in contact with me at mukrunneraceatyahoodotcom. Please use a descriptive title as I receive a lot of span at that address(why I am willing to post it)

Sorry I am a programmer and not a businessman so I do not know if my friend's/boss' company meets the section 21 restriction you mention or not or what it is.

Oh and I am an Ubuntu user myself. The newest longterm stable release is 6.06 but the newest stable version is 6.10. I think both are very good Linux releases.

Or if you are looking for an open source free program to be written I'd be interested in helping a group with developing the program in some of my free time.

Unknown said...

Greetings:

I created, back in 2002, a version of Linux called MfxLinux, which is used in the medical office management field, with what my boss told me was 5,000+ installs as of the time I left the company. Thus I know the needs and wants of doctors, as well as the building of a Linux distro internals.

The challenge you present here could be solved with any flavour of Linux, not just Ubuntu, but considering it's name's origin, it would be appropriate. I wouldn't mind helping, even in just an advisory role.

You can contact me at farrell.mcgovern on the electronic post system that google runs...and hopefully, this format will prevent my email from being harvested by spammers! :-)

ttyl
Farrell

Andy Hadfield said...

Aaron - thanks for the comment mate. This is just an idea at the moment - but thank you so much for the interest. Have actually spoken to a couple of other SA bloggers as well, couple of ears pricked up. I will jot down your details and get in touch.

I think there's two things that need to be done here. Network via telkom/dial up a good idea - a telephone is pretty much the only infrastructure you can count on. The other would be stability - and also what type of software a hospital would need.

All food for thought. I'll start working on a post.

Andy Hadfield said...

Farrel - thanks for the comment and the offer to help out. Would be very interesting to get a Canadian view of this type of issue / project. Not sure if you have any experience of SA hospitals - but they are just completely and utterly different - with challenges 1st world countries wouldn't even think of.

But experience is experience as they say... Your linux solution - was that open source or proprietary... ie can we have a look at it?

Anonymous said...

Nice to see interested people. First thing to do, if you want to do this properly - is to get the Minister of Health involved. Then do a regional pilot.

MOST important thingm, and I know this is just a concept of ours at the moment, is to KEEP IT SUSTAINABLE.

Who's going to pay telephone bills and pc costs and and and

Those are the meetings that need to happen.

Unknown said...

I presume you good people are familiar with the open source versions of the enterprise healthcare software developed by the U.S. Veterans Administration?

While it may be overkill for your needs, surely it may provide some valuable information that could be adapted to your needs?

See OpenVista: http://sourceforge.net/projects/openvista

And WorldVista:
http://sourceforge.net/projects/worldvista

Best wishes in getting your project successfully implemented!

David Neeley
Texas, USA

Andy Hadfield said...

Why thank ya kind Texan Sir... Going to have a look now, and add this to our list of interesting articles coming up on this subject...

AAM said...

good entry! the medical area has not been cracked at all. lots of big "enterprises" with all the usual concerns - if its proprietry it must be secure and good (cos it was paid for) but the EULA says "all your own risk"!

I work in an area where high level programmers are abundant but they would much rather pay hundred of thousands of dollars on commercial Unix-based software that they could write themselves in a world-wide collaborative approach.

And you should see how absurdly bad some of the software is!! I mean infantile, slow and unable to meet event the first line of its sales hype. And costly? Oi, geval!!!

There are a good number of 'EMR' and practice management programs already, unfrotunately, none fit my needs (the authors all build systems to do what they want, and needs across medicine are diverse). Ina ddition, none are easy to install or run.

Anonymous said...

Great idea. You guys should get in contact with the South African Ubuntu LoCo team. They're the guys that handle this type of thing. I'm a member there, so if I can help in any way (even if it's just installs), I'd be happy to.

The ZA forums can be found here.

Andy Hadfield said...

Andrew - amen brother. Functionality and stability are incredibly important. And in the SA context - cost is everything. I wonder whether "practice management" software would suit a hospital... I think (and I REALLY need to get SA DOC sat down to give some actual doctor feedback) the problems exist more with lab results / patient records - and less with billings, where practice management stuff MIGHT focus.

Keep an eye on the thread - if this goes anywhere - will try pull everyone together and see what can be done...

Andy Hadfield said...

Jan Kroeze - actually just discovered this thread with a bit of Googling - haven't had a chance to read - but I'll signup and drop you a mail. There's also a medical thread on the same forum here.

Anonymous said...

There are several places worth visiting in your quest for an open-source medical system for south africa: I hope you best luck with this proposal:

www.linuxmednews.com
www.gplmedicine.org

There are also a number of web-based free-open source Electronic Health Record already available:

www.freemed.org
www.mirrormed.org
www.gnumed.org

I think these projects are worth a look and their developers would be eager to collaborate in an effort to implement the software on further hospitals and health institutions worldwide!
Best regards from Spain:
David B.

Anonymous said...

Dear Dr Hadfield,

I would like to introduce you to the Debian Med project. Our goal is to create a custom debian distrubution focused on medical and pre-clinical open-source software. We are currently active in three main areas: medical practice, imaging and bioinformatics. Our webpage is:

http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-med/


As you may know, Ubuntu is mostly based on Debian packages, so our work is automatically integrated to the Medical Ubuntu project. Therefore, you may be intersted to have a look at our pages, and suggest some software of interest to be placed on top of our priority list. Our main communication channel is our mailing list:

http://lists.debian.org/debian-med/

Have a nice day,

--
Charles Plessy
Debian-Med packaging team
Wako, Saitama, Japan

Anonymous said...

You might also want to take a look at http://www.bikalabs.com/ (they're in Stellenbosch; a wine-cork's throw from Cape Town).

suwit said...

linux rhce

mdgattuso said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
mdgattuso said...

You may also want to check out this eBook for help on implementing your medical software. I recently purchased an EMR for my practice and found this eBook from EMR Experts to be a great guide.

Anonymous said...

http://www.profdoc.co.za

Anonymous said...

Good work frend!!
I'm also a Ubuntu user.
And I have bin locking into opensorce for medical use, for a African project in Ethiopia.
For digital x-ray storage are there a lot of alternative. DICOM= Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
My best interests is for now.
CDMEDIC PACS
PacsOne Server
ConQuest
We are using PacsOne Server on our hospital for testing. Then you can use a web application to look at the images, or with a standalone client viewer.

Now we have Studio-ubuntu, Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Edubuntu, what about a mediubuntu??


Som nice links:
http://opendicom.sourceforge.net/
http://www.clubpacs.com
http://www.idoimaging.com

Unknown said...

Best surgical instruments medical supply in all India- Delhi based surgical medical manufacturer and suppliers company provide all kinds of medical equipment on wholesale like Sterilization Equipment, hospital furniture, suction unit, baby care products and many more.

Green Parks said...

Hello.. Firstly I would like to send greetings to all readers. After this, I recognize the content so interesting about this article. For me personally I liked all the information. I would like to know of cases like this more often. In my personal experience I might mention a book called Green Parks Costa Rica in this book that I mentioned have very interesting topics, and also you have much to do with the main theme of this article.

Unknown said...

Hospital Furniture manufacturer and supplier in delhi, India- Hydraulic Tables, Semi- Fowler Bed, Baby Cots, Hospital/Medical Beds(electric hospital bed, hydraulic bed), Dressing Trolley, Instrument Trolley. wholesale supply in all delhi NCR (Noida, Ghaziabad, Faridabad and Gurgaon).

Unknown said...

Hospital Furniture manufacturer and supplier in delhi, India- Hydraulic Tables, Semi- Fowler Bed, Baby Cot furniture, Hospital/Medical Beds(electric hospital bed, hydraulic bed), Dressing Trolley, Instrument Trolley. wholesale supply in all delhi NCR (Noida, Ghaziabad, Faridabad and Gurgaon).

electronic medical records said...

Interesting! I don't know that it could be possible. Anyway, thanks for the post. I enjoyed reading it.

-mel-

rogaine hair said...

The first part of starting any new site is picking the niche you want it to be in hotel marrakech. My biggest criteria for this case study was finding a niche that should be fairly easy to get some traction in rapidleech servers, so I went for something pretty obscure pnr status. I don’t know how much money is here, so I’m taking a chance therescrapebox. But all techniques stay the same adwords coupon.

GED said...

It's great that it's also low cost!

how to get viagra without a prescription said...

Thanks for a marvelous posting! I seriously enjoyed reading it, you can be a great author

Jake said...

hey, great post, couldn't agree with you more. has there been any development with your idea? any updates on this for the new year?

HOTELS in SAN ANTONIO TEXAS said...

What a great idea! I would just like to point out that I find this article very informative. Thanks for this sharing with us.

Elliott Broidy said...

Wonderful post. I did not know of this medical information. Thanks for sharing your insight.

Unknown said...

Excellent tips. Really useful stuff. Never had an idea about this, will look for more of such informative posts from your side.
Good job Keep it up.
Laptops South Africa

Descoindia said...


There is grateful information about Hospital Furniture / equipments
We are inda's best suppliers of medical equipment thankz for information and i am waiting your next post.

Unknown said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
desco instruments said...

Whenever I read Your Post Allways got Something New
Baby Care Equipments

Unknown said...

Very Nice post about Archaic Medical Equipments. I read you post and get more information, about that I was not aware. I recommand it to my friends,I,ll be back here again and again. Three Channel ECG Machine

Unknown said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Unknown said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Unknown said...

That's really awesome blog because i found there lot of valuable Information and i am very glad that you share this blog with us.Digital x ray system in delhi

Akhil Systems said...

This is such a great resource that you are providing and you it away for free. I love seeing blog that understand the value.digital x ray machine suppliers india

Unknown said...

Aar aar enterprises is the one of them are manufacturer and provider aluminum extrusion industry in India has flourished for a long time product aluminium extrusion suppliers http:www.aaraarenterprises.in

Unknown said...

We are a trusted Medical equipment manufacturers Africa join that gives a significant number of GP Surgeries and Primary Care Organizations by the bigger part of a flooding degree of things from see mortars.

Unknown said...

That's really awesome blog because i found there lot of valuable Information and i am very glad that you share this blog with us.Digital X Ray Machine

Masonava said...

Thanks for this great post!- This provides good insight. You might also be interested to know more about generating more leads and getting the right intelligence to engage prospects.E-Health Care Lists implements new lead gen ideas and strategies for generating more leads and targeting the right leads and accounts.E-Health Care Lists is one of the global suppliers of healthcare mailing list & email list.Marketing to the healthcare industry, reaching the doctors and other healthcare decision makers is often an impossibletask.Please refer to
Medical & Surgical Service Organizations Mailing list & Email list



Anonymous said...

Hay there nice blog
visit here for more details
Hospital furniture manufacturer in Delhi

Marry John said...

Hi, You have shared very useful information. Thanks for sharing.
Display racks manufacturer in UP

Unknown said...

Your good knowledge and kindness in playing with all the pieces were
very useful. I don’t know what I would have done if I had not
encountered such a step like this.

syringe pump manufacturers

syringe pump suppliers

Unknown said...

Thanks a lot very much for the high quality and results-oriented help.
I won’t think twice to endorse your blog post to anybody who wants
and needs support about this area.

syringe infusion pump

Unknown said...

I simply wanted to write down a quick word to say thanks to you for
those wonderful tips and hints you are showing on this site.

syringe infusion pump manufacturers

infusion pump manufacturers

patient monitor manufacturers

Manish Batra said...

I would like to say that this blog really convinced me, you give me best information! Thanks, very good post.
Hospital Furniture

narwhaldatapartners said...

The article is beautifully written. It has all the valid points and is very impressive. We at Narwhal Data Partners provide you a wide range of Hospitals Email List that you are looking for, guaranteeing you the data accuracy.We help you to plan for the future business campaigns by offering you a segmented and targeted Hospitals Email List which mentions about the customer taste so you can approach them with the product they want.

Mariam said...

MY NAME IS MARIAM FROM SOUTH AFRICA...I SAW THIS COMMENT ON POSITIVE BLOGS AND I WILL LOVE TO TELL EVERYBODY HOW MY STATUS CHANGES TO NEGATIVE, AND AM NOW A LIVING WITNESS OF IT AND I THINK ITS A SHAME ON ME IF I DON'T SHARE THIS LOVELY STORY WITH OTHER PEOPLE INFECTED WITH THIS DEADLY VIRUS...,HIV HAS BEEN ONGOING IN MY FAMILY... I LOST BOTH PARENTS TO HIV,. AND IT IS SO MUCH PAIN IVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO GET OVER.. AS WE ALL KNOW MEDICALLY THERE IS NO SOLUTION TO IT..AND MEDICATION IS VERY EXPENSIVE..SO SOMEONE INTRODUCED ME TO A NATIVE MEDICAL PRACTITIONER IN AFRICA..I HAD A JOB THERE TO EXECUTE SO I TOOK TIME TO CHECK OUT ON HIM.I SHOWED HIM ALL MY TESTS AND RESULTS.. I WAS ALREADY DIAGNOSED WITH HIV AND IT WAS ALREADY TAKING ITS TOWL ON ME.. I HAD SPENT THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS SO I DECIDED TO TRY HIM OUT...I WAS ON HIS DOSAGE FOR 1 MONTHS. ALTHOUGH I DIDNT BELIEVE IN IT, I WAS JUST TRYING IT OUT OF FRUSTRATION... AND AFTER 2 WEEKS, I WENT FOR NEW TESTS... AND YOU WONT BELIEVE THAT 5 DIFFERENT DOCTORS CONFIRMED IT THAT AM NEGATIVE..IT WAS LIKE A DREAM,,I NEVER BELIEVE AIDS HAS CURE..AM NOW NEGATIVE,,AM A LIVING WITNESS..I DONT KNOW HOW TO THANK THIS MAN... I JUST WANT TO HELP OTHERS IN ANY WAY I CAN..HAVE JOINED MANY FORUMS AND HAVE POSTED THIS TESTIMONIES AND ALOT OF PEOPLE HAS MAIL AND CALLED THIS MAN ON PHONE AND AFTER 2 WEEKS THEY ALL CONFIRMED NEGATIVE..BBC NEWS TOOK IT LIVE AND EVERY.. HOPE HE HELPS YOU OUT.. EVERYBODY SAW IT AND ITS NOW OUT IN PAPERS AND MAGAZINES THAT THERE'S NATIVE CURE FOR HIV AND ALL WITH THE HELP OF THIS MAN,,HAVE TRIED MY OWN PARTS AND ALL LEFT WITH YOU,,IF YOU LIKE TAKE IT OR NOT..GOD KNOWS HAVE TRIED MY BEST.ABOUT 97 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED NEGATIVE THROUGH ME..AND THEY SEND MAILS TO THANKS ME AFTER THEY HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED NEGATIVE,,THIS MAN IS REAL..DON'T MISS THIS CHANCE,,HIV IS A DEADLY VIRUS,,GET RID OF IT NOW..
case there is anyone who has similar problem and still

looking for a way out, and he those cast all kind of spell like ::
Love Spells
Luck, Money Spells
Health, Well Being
Protection, Healing
Curses, ex, Breakups
NEW! Combo Spells
High Priestess Spells
Vampire Spells
Authentic Voodoo Spells
Custom, Other Spells
Business spells
Health/Healing spells
Cancer healing
Curse removal
Job spells
Healing from all kind of diseases
Love binding
Barrenness(need a child)
Need love
Lottery Spells
Promotions
Success
Money rituals
winning court case
Divorce spells
Low sperm count
Infertility in women
Breast enlargement/reduction
Penis enlargement/reduction
Diabetes
Arthritis
sicklecell
YOU CAN CONTACT HIM HERE AS (dr.abalaka@outlook.com) and also his state based number text him here if you're in the US: 760-935-3804 if you need any question contact me via here as mariambaurice@gmail.com i wish you best of luck and good health.

Unknown said...

Thanks for the information... I really love your blog posts... specially those onSurgical gowns suppliers, Affordable maternity wear in India

Unknown said...

Thanks for your great blog. I am very pleased to read this blog. This blog is very helpful for us.


hospital furniture manufacturer in UP

The CPAP Shop said...

Thanks for the post, it has some great information that will be very beneficial & Most Important of Your Health. Thanks For Sharing. The CPAP Shop Coupon Codes

eswarhceuk said...

Buy healthcare medical equipment, medical supplies, home healthcare supplies & medical products online at best rates, Diagnostic Products, Hospital Furniture & Equipment, Stethoscopes, Medical Supplier to GP Surgeries, Hospitals & Organisations Worldwide
A medical device is a healthcare product or piece of equipment that a person uses for a medical purpose. It is not a medicine or drug. Medical devices can diagnose, monitor or treat disease and help people with physical impairments become more independent
If you are in the UK and looking for a trusted and reliable Medical Equipment Suppliers I would recommend you to HCE-UK are the best online source for anyone to buy medical equipment

Diagnoshop said...

Thank you for your post. This is excellent information. It is amazing and wonderful to visit your site.
pathology clinics in secunderabad
online lab test booking at uppal

Catch Free said...

Visit CatchFree.ca now to catch the latest offers on medical equipment’s including discounts, cheap prices, and exclusive offers
https://www.catchfree.ca/posts-list/12/Medical-Equipments

cortexreviewworld said...

Excellent read, my friend :) cortexreviewworld

aarthi scan said...

nice post.Master Health Checkup
TSH Blood test
Full Body Checkup

narwhaldata partners said...

Very impressive article! The blog is highly informative and has answered all my questions. To introduce about our company and the activities, Narwhal Data Partners is a database provider that helps you to boost your sales & grow your business through well-build ALLSCRIPTS TECHNOLOGY DECISION MAKERS

Narwhaldatapartners said...

The article is well written with plenty of information about the Patient Data Rights + Value-Based Care where you can earn in millions within a short period. we narwhal data partners provide huge range of ARIBA ERP TECHNOLOGY DECISION MAKERS EMAIL LIST for more information follow the link
https://narwhaldatapartners.com/ariba-erp-technology-decision-makers-email-list.html

Mortgages said...

Thanks for sharing this post. Good information

Create N Gift said...

Amazing blog, thanks for sharing with us. Get the best Gifts for Boyfriend and Girlfriend in India at the affordable price.
Gifts for Girlfriend in India

SarswatiEnterprises said...

Nice blog, thank you so much for sharing this amazing information with us. Visit Sarswati Enterprises for Aluminum Caps Making Machinery and Power Press Manufacturer in Delhi.
Power Press Manufacturer in Delhi

veramedhealthcare said...

Nice Blog, keep it up for more valuable information. Visit Veramed to Buy Anti Hairfall Herbal Hair Care Products and Sensitive Skin Body Moisturizer Online.
Buy Sensitive Skin Body Moisturizer Online

Online Front said...

Thanks for sharing such a great information.. It is really helpful to me..I always search to read the quality content and finally i found this in you post. keep it up!
Our Service:
Digital marketing Company
SMM Services
PPC Ads Services
PPC Services in Delhi
Website Design & Development Packages
Seo Packages India
Web Development Packages

Digitaginfo said...

Thank you so much for sharing such amazing information with us. Visit Digitaginfo for professional SEO Services and PPC Services in Delhi, India.
SEO Services in Delhi

Jobi said...

Thank you very much for this great post.
Shawn Mendes Leather Jacket

Mukesh Kumar said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Tender Management Services - Bidz365 said...

Interesting article, thank you so much for sharing this amazing blog with us. Visit Bidz365 for best Tender Management Services and List of Items on Gem Portal.
Tender Management Services in India

Malena Morgan said...

Excellent article. The writing style which you have used in this article is very good and it made the article of better quality.
Mad Sweeney Denim Jacket

Hollywood Leather said...

Excellent article. The writing style which you have used in this article is very good and it made the article of better quality. Mad Sweeney Denim Jacket

eddielydon said...

It's actually a great and helpful piece of information. I am satisfied that you just shared this useful information for us.Girls Dont Cry Varsity Jacket

Amit Import said...

Nice blog, thank you so much for sharing this. Global Imports is one of the best Mexico Import Data and India Import Data service provider. Visit our website for more information.
India Import Data

faddy said...

San Francisco 49ers Gold Jacket
This is a post that I seriously enjoyed and a knowledgeable post according to my choice which I really love about this article thanks for sharing this with us.

Real Jackets said...


Check out our latest products at Real Jackets. The real leather jacket store, men, women, celebrity, halloween and gaming jackets. Explore more to get your favourite product for your wardrobe.
shang-chi leather jacket

Anonymous said...

I adored the way where you formed the article. It was extraordinarily clear and your knowledge in regards to the issue is wonderful Threat To Journalist in Pakistan.

Jobi Johnson said...

Great information about wilderness for beginners giving the opportunity for new people. San Francisco 49ers Varsity Leather Jacket

Lwisonsapparels said...

We introduces ourselves as a leading Manufacturer & Exporters of complete range of Fitness wear as well as other Garments Wear.

lwisonsapparel
Baseball Uniform
Momber Jacket
Hoodies
Soccer Uniform

olivia said...

https://oliviarodrigomerchshop.com/We introduces ourselves as a leading Manufacturer & Exporters of complete range of Fitness wear as well as other Garments Wear.

unknown said...

Thanks for sharing this premium article.https://themobileprices.pk/oppo-a15-price-in-pakistan/

unknown said...

This is a very nice blog and learned more knowledge drewhouseofficial

houston astros satin jacket said...

Nice Post! We provide kate upton astros sweater for new collections clothing product on 2023.

darknet hitman said...

I came upon your essay when looking for information on the internet. The information on this blog has truly impressed me. Your understanding of the content is clear.
real hitman services

Finn Foley said...

The thesis highlights the importance of the topic. Kate Upton Sweater